A Modular BECCS Process Chain Framework from Biomass to Carbon Removal

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is widely discussed as a key pathway for achieving net-negative greenhouse gas emissions. However, the complexity and context-specific nature of BECCS systems continue to delay their deployment. This paper introduces a modular process chain that decomposes BECCS into transparent modules—from feasibility evaluation through to CO₂ storage. Developed within the German research initiative "CDR-Atlas", the framework integrates technical, ecological, and governance-related aspects, including feedstock differentiation, land management, biomass treatment, conversion technologies, CO₂ logistics, and stakeholder dynamics. Each module is informed by peer-reviewed literature, supporting traceability and scientific robustness. Drawing from literature and stakeholder engagement, the process chain supports planning, communication, and systemic transparency. Its modular character allows adaptation across geographies, project scales, and policy environments. We propose this framework as a complementary tool to modeling approaches, supporting transparent system analysis, identifying implementation bottlenecks, and enhancing governance readiness in CDR deployment.